A study on the quality of GNSS signals for extracting the sea level height and tidal frequencies utilizing the GNSS-IR approach

Coastal global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations equipped with a standard geodetic receiver and antenna enable water level measurement using the GNSS interferometry reflectometry (GNSS-IR) technique. By GNSS-IR, vertical distance between reflector surface (e.g., surface) can be obtained in (height) reference frame. In this study, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data from four selected over three months are used for purpose. We determined predominant multipath frequency SNR that is Lomb–Scargle periodogram (LSP) method. The sea heights (SSH) assessed tide gauge observations regarding accuracy correlation coefficients. we investigated daily hourly single frequencies of GPS (L1, L2 L5), GLONASS (L1 L2), Galileo L5, L6, L7 L8), BeiDou (L2 L7) signals to estimate SSH. results show optimal extracting SSH L1 signal GPS, Galileo, systems system. parameters mode 2 cm 0.87, respectively. same 4 0.91. However, coefficients best reduced, i.e., 0.88 12 0.52 by employing signals, Our also more consistent data. following, time series derived readings, tidal extracted compared Least Square Harmonic Estimation (LS-HE) approach. findings demonstrate 145 significant GNSS-IR series. existence an acceptable indicates usefulness studies. From our results, conclude technique applied coastal locations alongside measurements variety purposes.